2023-07-19 - Talk Dr. David Sinclair - BIOHACK 2.0 - How To Live LONGER & AGE BETTER

Length: 1:46:07
Interviewee: Dr. David Sinclair

Transcript

0:03	foreign
0:13	Ron White I'm I'm Ron White tonight
0:19	and uh and you you have the the fortune of uh of having me with wine in my hands so whatever you ask is gonna
0:27	give you a big truthful answer right how do I live longer that's a good
0:32	question but I don't know if you know me for uh for the red wine story that was uh
0:39	about 12 13 years ago but when we found that red wine in particular a molecule
0:45	in red wine called Resveratrol would it would basically make animals resistant to the effects of a western
0:52	high fat diet and live just as long as an animal that was thin and healthy
0:57	uh we published that and that that was some of the the media that I first was
1:03	exposed to that was the Barbara Walters interview in 60 minutes but sales of red wine went up 30 percent
1:10	yeah right so uh so I've since learned invest in things that are going to go up
1:17	in price no um but that we've come a long way since then a long long way
1:22	um and I'm fortunate you all have a copy of my first book which uh is a
1:28	description of really why we should think about our lives very
1:34	differently most people are going through their lives right now not realizing that
1:39	they're going to live a lot longer than they think a lot longer we look at our grandparents
1:44	and sometimes our parents and think okay that's how long we're going to live but the truth is that our generations
1:51	and even more so our children's generation and you know we can talk about our
1:57	grandkids what's going to happen is that we're going to continue to live longer and longer
2:02	but the real question what's most important to me is are we going to live healthier because there's no point in
2:09	keeping the body alive which is what modern quote unquote medicine is doing
2:14	if it's going to keep our brains the same age right and that's what we've been doing we haven't been very good at
2:20	keeping our brains Young so my goal is really to first of all understand why do we age
2:26	how do we slow it down is it reversible and can we keep the whole body younger
2:32	and I believe we can and that's what I'm going to tell you about tonight so uh
2:38	uh no I'm actually 75. well that that's a joke but I'm in my
2:43	50s now so it's it's getting more and more personal but I started off this project when I
2:49	was four years old I know it's hard to believe but you'll read about the story that my grandmother
2:55	who raised me um in part she was a very young grandmother she had my father she gave
3:01	birth to my father when she was 15. so to me she wasn't a grandmother she was more like a friend
3:07	and she wasn't just young she wasn't just in her 40s when I was a kid but she was young at heart she was so immature
3:14	and irresponsible it was excellent and my mother really didn't appreciate that at all but I was raised essentially by
3:21	my grandmother who taught me a few things in life which is the reason I'm here today talking to you
3:26	the first was adults screw up everything and she had lived through World War II
3:31	and the aftermath and she thought wow humans really can do a lot of bad things
3:37	so she said to you know a little four-year-old David you have to do really good things and show Humanity
3:43	the best that they can be stay young six is the youngest the best age it's
3:49	it's uh so if you ask my wife I'm definitely still a kid in my mind
3:55	um she's the one that makes sure everything runs on time and the kids actually get to school but it's been great for my career
4:02	because I'm a scientist and scientists succeed typically if they stay young and
4:07	why is that helpful well it's not the immaturity and the irresponsibility that's that's helpful it's the Curiosity
4:15	The Wonder of life and I've managed to keep that and I struggle to keep it because the world is
4:22	a a scary and sad Place many times but what I try to do my The Secret of My
4:28	success as a scientist to share that with you is the following I try to imagine what life would look
4:37	like to an alien what I mean by that I mean that if we
4:42	can get rid of every preconceived idea we've never watched a movie we've never delved into politics there's no
4:49	tradition and we just looked at Humanity from above and said how do they score are we a one out of
4:57	five or they have five out of five I think we're kind of a two out of five at
5:02	this point and we can do a lot better and one of the things that aliens would do when they looked at us they would say
5:08	well great they figured out Pi the debt that the uh
5:15	the numero numeral pi to a million decimal places great get a gold star for
5:20	that they figured out equals mc squared that's pretty good kind of advancing
5:26	what else would be good well they've traveled to a rock that's floating around their Planet good stuff guys
5:31	but they'd say well what about medicine and we'd say well
5:37	we're tackling this heart disease it's really bad and then there's diabetes we've got to solve that and they'd say
5:45	that's great but you know what causes all those things I might say uh not sure what they'd say
5:51	aging aging is your problem and we would right now in our civilization we'd say
5:57	aging isn't that just natural isn't shouldn't we just deal with that and they said the aliens would say
6:04	guys and ladies aging
6:09	is just as natural as cancer and heart disease and Alzheimer's why are you focusing on all those things that kill
6:16	you while ignoring all the things that cause those things in the first place
6:21	so my argument is why are we focusing on what causes us to fall off the cliff without even talking about let alone
6:28	working on in a big way what drives us to that edge of the cliff in the first place
6:34	and so my mother she died a few years ago from lung cancer and I'll be the first person to say lung cancer and
6:40	cancer in general is a great pursuit to solve cancer but we spend I think it's about five
6:46	billion dollars a year just on Research alone on cancer
6:52	but cancer is only part of the story if you smoke like my mother did your chance
6:58	of getting cancer lung cancer goes up by about five-fold which is really bad right so we try not
7:04	to smoke and there's big government campaigns to try and prevent it but if you go from 20 to 70 your chances
7:13	of getting lung cancer go up by 500 fold and nobody's even talking about it so what's the major killer it's aging so my
7:20	goal with my research at Harvard Medical School which I've been doing at Harvard for 20 years and
7:26	five years over the road at MIT is to figure out
7:32	why do we age I mean does any does anyone anyone have a clue why we age does anyone really and do any of you
7:38	think about it probably not right because even doctors who treat aging the gerontologists
7:45	they don't think about it either it's as though we're we're we've evolved to not even think about it and I think the
7:51	reason is that it's too painful to think about mortality I mean let's do a little
7:56	experiment I've never done this before this is off the cuff uh think about your parents if they're
8:03	still alive that's great if they're not imagine that they're still with you
8:08	what would you give for an extra month with with them to be able to talk to them spend time with them show them
8:14	what you've been doing spend time with the grandkids all right
8:20	those those are the important things in life and we we don't even think about our own
8:25	mortality typically um it's really quite painful right to think that one day literally none of
8:33	this will be around for us and we'll be we'll be out of here that's scary stuff right you've got the whole whole uh what
8:39	about 100 religions to help us with that but my book is is not a negative message
8:46	it's not oh let's all freak out because we're gonna die it's more let's focus on what's going
8:54	wrong during aging and try and keep all of us our parents ourselves healthier until 90 or 100 or Beyond
9:02	and the good news is the science which I'll tell you about tonight says that it's not about extending
9:07	lifespan even though that's the title of the book it's about extending Health span so that
9:13	you don't have to be sick when you're 70 or 80. and I'll show you that it's very possible with things that we can do
9:20	today with our lives and I I'm quite happy that I heard some of the right things tonight about what you should be
9:27	doing the other great message and um
9:32	inspiring fact is that only 20 of your life span and health in old age
9:39	20 is genetic and we know that because we've studied Twins and twins there's
9:45	always a good good twin and a bad twin right and the bad twin who goes in the sun who smokes who doesn't exercise who
9:52	eats a lot of food that twin will age rapidly not just be sick but but
9:57	literally you can measure aging now I'll tell you about the clock in our bodies
10:02	so we know that 80 percent of our existence and our health is in our own hands that's great that's really my
10:10	message and one of the reasons I wrote the book is that don't be afraid of Aging take action because you really can
10:16	have a big impact on your own life um and spread the word because there's really a lot we can do fairly simple
10:23	things to live longer and healthier all right so that's
10:31	let's see if we can get this
10:38	all right okay so this is a a picture of a young person an old
10:44	person and when I ask you how long do you want to live which I will do think about that
10:49	I want you to imagine that some of the technologies that I'm going to talk about tonight
10:54	and the things you can do will actually work okay so you might have an extra five years ten years
11:00	so my question to you is it's a multiple choice question but you get to get to
11:06	vote once um who of you wants to live just to 80
11:11	and then and then uh you know pass away is 80
11:17	enough for you you are the first audience who has zero
11:22	at 80. fantastic what that means is uh either I've convinced you but I think
11:28	what more importantly what it says is that you're an audience who's really enjoying life
11:34	why not why if you love life why would you want it to end of course not as long as you're healthy
11:40	and enjoying what you're doing nobody wants to die if I actually told you you're all
11:46	110 and that you know imagine we go up to City Hall in Cambridge and there's a
11:52	someone at the desk and they made a mistake on your birth certificate turns out you're actually 110 you didn't know it
11:59	do you suddenly want to kill yourself no of course right just being a certain age doesn't mean
12:05	you want to die it's how you feel um how about uh let's let's pick another
12:11	number who who would like to live beyond a hundred well that's where I'm going
12:18	all right no no that's okay but you still got to vote and then we'll come back
12:26	all right well let's Jump Ahead what about 150 does that sound attractive 150
12:31	okay so it does depend so that's where we're going what about immortality
12:36	yeah so you must really love what you you're doing all right so so here's the catch most people and and you're You're
12:44	A Cut Above uh most audiences I speak to I can tell already most people say 80 or
12:51	100 that's enough because they've seen what it looks like to get old but because I think I prepped you and I
12:57	think because you think more deeply than most we're talking about being a hundred and still being
13:03	able to play tennis and hang out with the great grandkids and live a life like we do today
13:09	without losing your mind and that's what we're we're talking about with the things that I can tell you today and the
13:16	technologies that are coming very soon so let's uh let me ask you again okay I'm certain none of you want have
13:22	changed your mind about 80 but what about a hundred anybody wanna die at 100 even if you're feeling the
13:29	same way as you do today it's enough you get you get bored with life out of
13:35	here okay that's fair enough everyone's choice and I
13:45	yeah living in yeah well so what one of the the points I make in my book is that
13:52	we should have the choice to die when we want to as well right that's just as important to choosing how long you can
13:58	live so 100 how about let's go to 150. yeah
14:04	Maybe somewhere in between 120 what what makes you feel that way
14:15	yeah I I pity your parents
14:21	well you well I'm going to say that at 150 you you look and feel the same
14:29	way you do today and so do all your family and friends
14:34	so nothing's changed just just the number of candles you have to put on your birthday cake is there a date where you don't want to
14:40	live anymore
14:52	[Music]
15:00	if it takes
15:07	so we can get into the laws of thermodynamics I'm prepared for that
15:13	psychologically though so here's what I'm trying to get at if
15:18	if you don't feel any different and you've got a great career and you're surrounded by family
15:24	and friends is there a date when you want to die
15:29	is there a point in life where you just get bored I've seen every movie I've
15:35	done everything I want to do my bucket list is full I want to die bang is there a date sounds like yes
15:42	that's fair that's totally fine that's that's some people so what about immortality under these conditions of
15:49	continuing nope
15:58	would you um
16:08	now that's a good question
16:18	yeah right do we only enjoy life and have agency because we know that there's an
16:25	expiry date very Protestant of you
16:32	yeah no it's it's a fair point but we don't know what it's like to live without fear of death
16:59	when you have that's right but I what I what I've discovered in my lab which most people
17:05	don't know unless they've read the book is we've found that there's a backup hard drive of Youth in ourselves in our
17:11	body that we can tap into and reset the system and we've res we've reset it once we we
17:17	maybe can reset it 100 times Maybe
17:24	uh let's talk about that let's talk about that we've only done it in mice but we can reset a mouse pretty quickly
17:29	and pretty easily and send their age way back I'll show you how that works
17:38	exactly so I just got off a plane yesterday from um was it Bottega Marine labs I think
17:47	I'm messing up the name but it is north of LA and I was there collecting jellyfish
17:53	because we're studying jellyfish in the lab because I think just like you've
17:59	proposed that the secret of reversing aging continually
18:06	was solved by jellyfish it was sold by a lot of life forms trees do it they can
18:11	spawn new offspring our bodies have forgotten how to do that but what you'll you'll read about
18:17	hopefully you'll get into the book is that we figured out that there are three genes in the body that if you turn them
18:23	on again because they get Switched Off When We're Young turn them on again in an old animal
18:29	and probably ourselves I would guess we get to experience what it's like to be a
18:34	jellyfish
18:43	let me show you the mouse because a mouse doesn't have to be in water I promise
18:51	to tell you the clicker is not working but um let's plug it in and see if it works
19:02	all right this is the only graph I'm going to show you all right but it's a really cool graph
19:08	it's a graph of the longest lived
19:13	countries in the world versus the 19th and 20th Century
19:19	yeah see if we can get that to work so this is 1840 so the life expectancy
19:25	average life expectancy in the best country in the world right which is
19:30	light blue which is probably your hero is Sweden
19:37	cool
19:42	I'm jinxed there we go we'll get there all right so
19:48	in 1840 the best you could do was in Sweden and you're at 45 years
19:54	1840 cholera you could die from a splinter horrible all right into the
20:01	kind of the modern times 1940 right it's still pretty pathetic average life expectancy the best you
20:08	could do in the world was about 70 years and this is when we expected to retire
20:15	at 65 and live another five years and drop off that's not the world we live in
20:21	and it's certainly not going to be the world we live in when we're older and when when we're
20:27	um in our late late retirement but I want to point out two things one
20:34	is that this is this is very linear right that even though we've had advances in
20:40	vaccines and uh and antibiotics and all of the wonderful medicine it's it's
20:47	almost unbelievable how linear this is and uh the second thing I want to point
20:53	out in this slide is that what these little things are you can't read them but these are estimates of the maximum
21:01	human average lifespan so for instance this study here
21:07	in 1921 said that that's where we're going to stop that that'll be the plateau and people won't live longer
21:14	than that and every time these Studies have come out saying we've reached our maximum
21:20	they've been wrong so that's the good news and we keep breaking it and you can see
21:26	the predictions that everyone says we're going to slow down no it's true in the U.S that we're we're not going up
21:32	dramatically currently but that's not because of educated people with Access to Health
21:39	Care it's because there are you know the it's offset by people who are addicted to
21:44	opioids um and other issues um not to mention obesity being an
21:50	epidemic but that's not most of most of the people in in this town
21:56	really um and I do get to in in the book I talk about how there's a disparity especially
22:02	in the U.S between those who know what to do to be healthy and live longer and those
22:09	who are trapped in a cycle where their lifespans are you know basically down here and that's why the U.S lifespan is
22:16	what it is but that's the average and not everybody is average most people are not average yeah
22:41	well it could but we're not we're no longer at the whim of
22:46	Evolution we innovate okay what about this room is natural give me one thing
22:56	the wood there's a plant cool all right
23:01	so yeah we we probably have a natural maximum yeah
23:07	yeah there's nothing natural seriously I was once on a plane uh with a guy who
23:13	was flying with me to Tokyo and I told him that we're working on aging and uh
23:19	trying to make people live healthier for longer and he goes I don't know that doesn't sound natural
23:25	that's it are you kidding me we're drinking gin and tonics we're texting our partners we're watching
23:30	movies ten thousand feet above the ground don't give me what's natural um so the point is that we can we can
23:37	engineer our way out of things and we're already way beyond our natural lifespan
23:42	right the minute we we killed off all the wild animals in this town that's a good start
23:55	infinite brutality rage
24:10	uh yeah so my understanding of this graph is that this is life expectancy not average lifespan so that it it
24:18	discounts Early Childhood death but it's a good point which is that initially
24:24	most of the gains in average lifespan were at the lower end of life and we've
24:31	basically most of us can expect to live if we're lucky enough to get through our 40s 50s and 60s
24:37	so we're we're coming up against the limit which is aging okay so that you
24:43	know we can we can study childhood diseases a lot and I think that's Worthy
24:49	but most of us now get to be old and that's what the problem the biggest problem on the planet so right now as of
24:56	last year there are more people on Earth who are over 65 than under the age of
25:02	five and that's the first time ever in human history and it's only going to continue to widen so our problem as a
25:09	species is what are we going to do with all the people who are frail and cannot
25:14	work and have to go to a nursing home that's a lot of money we already spend
25:19	in the US 17 of our GDP taking care mostly of the sick and the elderly and
25:25	it's only going to get worse unless we do something about it so we really have two Futures one is let's just forget
25:31	about aging and we'll just deal with a lot of sick people who spend more and more of their percent of their lives
25:37	being looked after or we can say this is a problem let's figure it out and let's
25:43	fix it which is what we've done for everything that's why we we wear clothes and we
25:48	we're indoors in a heated building um so yeah so hopefully I've convinced you at least you've seen my argument
25:54	that it's natural therefore acceptable that argument should be thrown out the window
26:00	we've never as a species accepted things that have caused us pain or difficulty
26:07	just because they're natural
26:13	I'm also going to tell you that there's no one solution to aging you might read about it it's not true
26:20	I'm one of the world's leading scientists in the study of longevity
26:25	we don't call it anti-aging uh because that's that's a bad word because a lot of
26:31	people out there saying I've got your anti-aging treatment um what we're trying to figure out is
26:38	are there genes that control the aging process and are there things we could do to turn them on in our daily lives and
26:44	eventually with medicines and there are actually some medicines some things that I take right now
26:49	which when you go home you can skip to page 304 and read all about that's the cheat sheet but those things we've
26:57	learned through really hardcore World leading science so you may not know that that there have
27:03	been at least one you could argue two Nobel prizes awarded for aging research already one was the telum the telomeres
27:12	you know about telomeres the ends of chromosomes how those get extended and the other one is about protein misfolding called autophagy the
27:19	clearance of these bad proteins those two things led to a Nobel Prize and I'm sure there's going to be more
27:25	Nobel prizes awarded for other aspects of Aging
27:32	all right so this is the anti-aging if you go online you will be completely depressed and why
27:40	do I say that because you don't know what to believe people are saying take this pill take
27:46	that pill this pill works David Sinclair says so it's all wrong I don't say
27:52	any product works um but you know that this is the world we live
27:58	in we have a world of pharmaceuticals which are essentially proven to work and a world
28:03	of supplements which are not proven to work but there's some some academics like me
28:09	that have maybe treated a mouse so it looks looks kind of interesting and what's Difficult about the world
28:15	that I'm in is that I'm trying to do the the hardcore research and make medicines
28:20	uh but every day but understandably I'm asked by people well that's great about
28:26	medicines but I'm getting old right now what can I do now and so I I've written
28:32	the book which covers both angles what are the medicines that are in the pipeline what are the medicines you
28:37	could get prescribed right now that with slow aging we think but also what can
28:42	you do in your daily lives that you don't need a doctor uh to to do I want to bring up
28:48	antioxidants so you know I hope I don't get sued for saying this but antioxidants have been
28:54	extremely disappointing in the Aging field longevity not anti-aging film why is
29:01	that because there's a lot of things going wrong in the body besides free radical damage it was a good story it
29:08	made some sense and all fables are built on things that make sense but doesn't mean they're true
29:14	and antioxidants actually have been a large failure in the Aging field
29:20	we haven't had a lot of success treating animals with antioxidants and making
29:25	them live healthier or longer and even antioxidants are healthy for you
29:31	uh yeah all right
29:37	all right so we we've we've figured out that the molecules that
29:43	some companies I won't name say are fantastic for you are actually working for a different
29:50	mechanism which I'll tell you about all right
29:56	I definitely believe in in the plant molecules and that's a whole story
30:02	but I'll get to it and if I don't ask me at the end yep but antioxidants unfortunately not the
30:08	cure to aging right or we'll be living 150 at this point or at least some of us
30:14	who are eating a lot of blueberries and drinking pom wonderful every day
30:20	um you know I'm not saying they're bad for you but I'm reminding you that that we we know a lot more but people don't
30:26	know about it yet yeah I'll leave it there but I'll come back
30:32	so this is what scientists scientists believe are the main causes of Aging
30:40	these are called the Hallmarks of aging and there are eight or nine depending on which continent you come from
30:47	and some of these you've probably heard of right they make it into the Public's um
30:53	[Music] um perception of what we work on there is well let's see cellulose in
31:01	essence how many of you have heard of senescence before a few yeah so what this is is that cells
31:07	will become old and and lose their identity and they'll check out and they'll just
31:13	sit there and that that would be not so bad if it wasn't for the fact that these senescent cells or sometimes we call
31:20	them the zombie cells they start putting out all these other signals in the cell or outside of the cell that make other
31:27	cells sick so that even though if you don't have a lot of senescent cells in your body even if it's only a few
31:33	percent uh they will basically cause the rest of your body to become inflamed and aged as
31:40	well and we know that mostly from Mouse experiments where you put a few senescent cells A little dab of
31:45	senescent cells in the animal and the whole animal gets old so they're horrible so we don't want zombie cells
31:52	we don't want to run out of stem cells um DNA damage genome instability so that's
31:58	picture of DNA we've known about for many years telomeres the ends of chromosomes gets
32:04	shorter and you know it goes on and on and on but here's the point
32:10	this was 10 years ago and the field of Aging research we felt pretty good about ourselves we
32:16	said yeah we figured this out put a flag in the ground we've done this we figured out what causes aging and everyone with
32:23	very few exception has started or done uh focused their lab on this one or that
32:29	you know there's a purple lab and there's a green lab and there's a red lab but I I've always believed that you can
32:35	simplify everything I'm a reductionist and I think eventually we can reduce
32:40	aging down to a single equation and I could even write it out for you if I had a whiteboard
32:47	and I'll tell you what that is aging is essentially what's driving all of these things
32:56	is a loss of information okay we live in an Information Age we
33:02	know what happens when you lose information we used to lose emails we don't anymore and I'll I'll explain why
33:10	but uh information is key and when we're born we have all this
33:15	great information that we got from our parents and what we what we ate what we absorbed
33:21	in the womb and how our mother was eating and feeling that's information and what we've discovered in my lab is
33:28	that over time what's happening to cause all of those things on that pie chart
33:34	is just one major thing and that's the loss of information in the cell
33:41	so what kind of information I'm glad you asked I'll tell you so there are two types of information in
33:48	biology the one you all know about is DNA genetic information it's a great way to
33:55	store information in fact you can get information out of a fossil I can go to a mummy and see that mommy's
34:02	DNA that's a very robust way to store information it's way better than a compact disc
34:08	or hard drive they wouldn't last thousands of years would they so DNA is
34:14	a great storage information and the reason it's particularly impressive
34:19	in terms of the biological system is that it's one of the few things in our body that's digital
34:26	and we all know digital is better the reason we converted from analog in the first place
34:31	we don't use cassette tapes anymore for a good reason because analog information sucks anyone who's had you know is old
34:39	enough to have cassette tapes or record player records knows that you can lose information pretty easily if it's stored
34:45	in analog but DNA is digital a TCG that's a that's a digital code it's not
34:51	binary it's quaternary so what is it about the body's information that gets lost over time
34:58	turns out we used to think it was the digital information that we lost all right how many of you
35:04	I'm sure all of you have heard I won't even ask you we've all heard that mutations Drive aging we're losing
35:11	genetic information as we get older the problem with that is that you can delete a lot of genetic information in
35:19	animals and they don't age it's also true that very little uh very
35:25	few mutations can be found in our our old bodies The Smoking Gun just isn't there
35:31	and what happened to the field a few years ago was we had no clue what was driving
35:38	aging at the fundamental level because the old idea of free radical
35:43	damage and mutations was out the window we had nothing to replace it with
35:48	and so what I've proposed in the book and in some recent Publications that and some that are just
35:55	about to come out as a radical new Theory that the other type of information is
36:01	what we lose over time it's the analog information in the body
36:06	and that's not very stable at all so what's the analog information
36:11	it's this green stuff this is the DNA the digital and the
36:16	packaging of the genome is the analog form of information but we need analog
36:22	information because the analog system tells the cell which genes to read and
36:28	without knowing which genes to read a cell is basically a tumor at best or
36:33	dead we need to have these structures that say read this Gene
36:39	but bundle up all these others so you don't read those genes all cells read every Gene a nerve cell
36:47	wouldn't be a nerve cell and a skin cell wouldn't be a skin cell you need to be able to tell it only read
36:53	those 10 of genes and turn off those others and what we've found during aging
36:58	is that these structures that control how the DNA is packaged the analog
37:04	information which we call the epigenetic information or epigenome is what gets
37:10	screwed up with time does that make sense it certainly made a lot of sense uh to
37:18	the people in my lab but just making sense as I warned you isn't proof of anything
37:24	right most things that make sense are wrong um you know like
37:29	well I won't get into religion but there's a lot of things that we we believe that probably are not not true
37:36	so what what do you do to test this hypothesis okay what do you do you have to say well
37:42	if I disrupt the analog information if I accelerate that process
37:48	what should happen well we should get aging we should accelerate that process the converse should be true if I can
37:55	regain the epigenome the app the analog information we should get younger
38:02	and that's what we've been doing for 10 years in my lab but most of the world doesn't know about
38:07	it yet because we haven't published it but it will come out next year so you get a sneak preview and I was also fortunate I was writing a
38:14	book while we made these discoveries so I said screw it it's gone in the book so for the first time probably since you know a
38:21	long time a scientist's biggest Discovery is in a in a book that you can read about before
38:26	scientists have actually had a chance to have it published
38:31	all right so there's that another analogy that I think is
38:38	appropriate here is a compact disc now when I teach high school students I have
38:44	to tell them what a compact disc is we used to put music and and movies on
38:49	these things but it's a it's the best analogy I can give you so our genome is that is the music
38:56	that's encoded in these ones and zeros and as we get older we're getting scratched up so the the music becomes
39:03	it's skipping and the cell by this analogy is not reading the right songs at the right time and this If This Were
39:11	a cell this cell would not be behaving well it would be losing its identity if it was a
39:17	nerve cell it might be thinking that it's more like a skin cell liver cell isn't behaving cardiovascular
39:24	system is forgetting to how to how to be a cardiovascular system and that's why we get sick as we get
39:31	older I I believe and all of these symptoms of Aging and these diseases that we we try to
39:38	treat but too late I think it because our cells have lost their ability to read the genes at the
39:44	right time in the right place and that we essentially had really good evidence for for the last seven years in
39:52	my lab and I'll show you that data but what if we could remove those
39:58	scratches wouldn't that be amazing what if the cell could now go back and read the right genes we didn't know that that was
40:05	possible until recently but turns out as I said there's a backup
40:10	of these of of this original state so we can polish
40:19	all right I have a movie to show you
40:24	so one of the things that happens on the chromosome that disrupts the cell's identity and
40:30	the ability to read the genes is a broken chromosome okay wherever you
40:37	see that flash the chromosome is being broken and when you break a chromosome a cell
40:44	gets really nervous because it it's actually the worst thing you can do to a cell because if a cell doesn't repair a
40:51	chromosome it'll it'll die or it'll become a tumor you've got to fix it no
40:56	question you cannot live with broken chromosomes so what I showed you in that video
41:02	those balls are proteins in the cell that we've discovered when I was over at
41:07	MIT and now in and more recently in my lab these proteins are what we call
41:13	Longevity enzymes they're encoded by longevity genes
41:19	and when we turn them on the animal is very healthy they're great we have mice that live longer and we think in our
41:25	bodies they keep us Young but they Unfortunately they have two functions the first function is really
41:33	important it's to maintain the structure of of the the epigenome to keep us Young
41:40	so that's great when when we're young these proteins are in the right place
41:46	they're sitting on the right genes and so the genes that should be on or on and the genes that should be off or off
41:54	but as I showed you in this video their other role is that they get distracted by Broken DNA
42:01	okay if you go out in the sun and you get sunburned you broke a lot of DNA unfortunately so these proteins are
42:08	moving from where they should be in a panic to try and repair the DNA there's a reason for that I think that
42:15	it's that they're moving because they're they're telling the cell there's an emergency you've got to fight you got to
42:20	survive but if you keep doing that as I showed so this is an acceleration of of
42:26	what I think happens during aging let's have a look again these proteins are perfect perfectly
42:31	aligned then they get distracted by the break they go back to where they came from they go to the break
42:38	they go back to where they came from they go to the break whoops didn't go back
42:44	whoops didn't go back so this is aging I believe and we can test this we can
42:49	create this in the lab in an animal and ask what happens
42:55	and we've done that it's taken us 10 years I'll tell you a little bit about these guys
43:09	and without them we're in real trouble you've got to regulate our genes well and we don't prepare broken DNA very
43:16	well so people who don't have some tuits essentially die when they're going on
43:22	oh did everyone uh on the video lose what I said
43:29	so these genes are called sirtuins that we've worked on and uh it's pretty interesting
43:35	um when you think about why they're called sirtuins and you probably don't know
43:41	the first three letters of sotuin is s-i-r and that stands for
43:47	silent which means turn the genes off silence them information regulator
43:54	okay so it in the name of these genes has been the answer all along I believe information regulation is the key to
44:03	longevity but breaking DNA is one of the things that accelerates aging because it
44:08	distracts them and eventually like opening and re-gifting a present a thousand times it's going to be pretty
44:15	ugly by that point but the question that I've been asking myself in the lab for the last
44:20	few years is is there a treatment you can give to a cell or an old animal or
44:28	eventually an old person that can go from there back to frame one and get
44:33	them to go back to where they came from so that the cell reads the right genes to be a neuron a young healthy neuron or
44:40	a young skin cell and I think we found that
44:45	so here's the experiment in the lab where we scratched the DVD scratch the CD
44:51	this is a control mouse that's at this point it would be 16 months old
44:57	and we took one of its brothers or sisters and we scratch this DVD what we actually
45:03	did was we cut the chromosome in a few places distracted the proteins and they ended up getting
45:09	older okay and you might say well that looks like a sick Mouse but David how
45:15	how do you know it's old well it suddenly looks old it's got gray hair
45:22	it's got wrinkled skin it's lost its hair hair loss mice lose their hair when they get older but that's not proof of
45:29	anything you know anybody can create a mouse looking like this you know maybe if you microwave a mouse they look like
45:35	that I don't know don't do that at home I'm joking so what we did was we we studied these
45:42	mice for years to find out how much do they look like real aging and they they look like real aging we've sent uh mice
45:49	to hundreds of researchers around the world to experts on the kidney on the
45:55	skin on the bone on the eyesight on the hearing and they look at the tissues and they say yeah that's old
46:02	and I have to say they're not old we've given them aging but there's
46:07	really been a breakthrough in the last few years in our ability to really know if that Mouse is older or not
46:13	just by looking at it but by measuring its age and we no longer in my field
46:18	count age by candles we can actually count the age
46:23	biologically because there's a clock that ticks over in mice in Wales in bats and in our own body
46:31	which we can measure in fact if I took your blood back to my lab within a few days and you know a fair bit of money I
46:39	could um tell you exactly how old you are biologically and predict within a
46:44	matter of months when you're going to die using this clock but don't freak out because we can we
46:49	can change the trajectory we can slow it down so here's the clock
46:55	this is the DNA right there's the uh the A C T C so C chemicals in DNA the cytosines
47:03	they get Modified by a chemical called a methyl and a methyl is just carbon
47:09	hydrogen hydrogen hydrogens nothing spectacular but it's like a it's like crust on uh
47:16	well I think it's probably better analogy would be the plaque on your teeth it's accumulating and it does so
47:21	with very predictable way over time in our lifetime so I can measure your
47:26	methylation pattern with the DNA sequencer for a few hundred bucks and I could say
47:34	you're older or younger for your age by this much and we know that if you smoke if you
47:40	don't exercise if you eat the wrong things you will be older than the average human and vice versa right so this is a new
47:48	world and it's all we could do with these mice is we could measure their actual biological Age and what you can
47:54	see from this Okay I lied I have another graph but it's not a very complicated one obviously the one that looks old is
48:00	older based on this um objective measure
48:06	it's called the DNA methylation clock it's also sometimes called the Horvath clock named after my friend and
48:13	colleague Stephen Horvath uh who actually helped us with with this study now I'm going to tell you something
48:19	you're a smartphone so I can tell you something um really interesting but a little bit technical so stick with me
48:26	there are enzymes that remove the plaque off your DNA called tets
48:34	and they're very important when we're young that they're what allows the nerve cell to become a nerve cell and a skin
48:40	cell to be a skin cell and I think a jellyfish to regenerate okay these are on when
48:46	we're young but they you don't want these genes on when you're old it's not a good thing if they're
48:53	deregulated but it is possible to to remove these
48:58	um and so I'll get back to that because it's I think it's part of the understanding of how we can remove those
49:04	scratches on the CD and reverse aging so here's where things get really
49:10	interesting can we take that older Mouse and make it young again
49:15	if we're right about this we should be able to remove those methyl DNA
49:21	plaques and it might actually not just make the mouse appear younger
49:27	in the lab when you read it but maybe it would actually behave like it was young that was the idea
49:34	so how do you do that how do you get the clock to go backwards
49:40	well I'll tell you that but first of all I wanted to tell you about why we chose the nervous system
49:46	to regenerate to reverse aging in because we could have chosen the skin could have chosen the liver to reverse
49:52	aging but nerve cells become old very quickly as soon as we're
49:58	you know three years old if we damage our eye or we break our back our spine
50:03	we're not going to walk again we're not going to see again we know that right it's because nerve cells become old very
50:10	quickly and they don't act like they were when we were embryos
50:15	and so this shows an embryonic nerve growing in the dish
50:21	that's great but as we're as we turn into adults if you put one of our nerves in a dish
50:27	it'll just sit there it'll try its best to try and grow but it really won't grow very well
50:33	so we thought what if you could take adult nerve cells damage them
50:39	or even just old nerve cells in the eye and turn their age back to when they
50:45	were young would they grow and function like they were young again so how did we
50:50	decide to do that well there was a Nobel Prize awarded to shinya yamanaka from
50:56	Japan for the discovery that there are a set of four genes called the yamanaka factors
51:02	that can take an adult cell and turn it into a stem cell
51:08	so quite simply any high school student could take one of your skin cells in your mouth take it back to my lab or
51:14	even to the high school lab put in these four genes from yamanaka
51:20	which we call osk and M for short and those cells many of them would become
51:26	stem cells not just normal stem cells but pluripotent stem cells meaning they could become any type you want we could
51:32	regrow we could grow a little mini brain in the dish you can now do that pretty freaky will grow your own mini
51:39	brain in the dish I don't think they're conscious thank goodness but we could
51:44	build any tissue and that that was well worked well worthy of a Nobel Prize right so we wondered could we use some aspect
51:52	of this discovery to reverse aging so we don't want to take them all the way back to being an
51:58	embryo or to a stem cell you know if we did that we'd all end up with the world's biggest tumors in our bodies we
52:05	wanted to know if we could do partial reversal and just take off the right methyls pick
52:11	off just the right plaque on the teeth without taking all your teeth off which is what yamanaka did
52:17	so we didn't know if it would work we had some clue because there's a scientist at the Salk Institute that a
52:23	couple of years ago showed that if you turn on all four of these genes in a mouse it lives 40 percent longer
52:31	but that but that sounds great until I tell you that every three days if they didn't stop the
52:38	treatment the mice would die so that I think he may get The Nobel
52:43	Prize for this discovery but it wasn't perfect because those poor mice were hit with these factors
52:50	and they would almost die and then they'd let them recover for another five days and they'd hit them again this is
52:56	not going to be a medicine anytime soon but it sure is an interesting proof of principle that you can turn on these
53:01	things and make an animal live longer now it was a short-lived Mouse so we still have to show that this happens in
53:08	a a regular Mouse but I'll show you what happens in regular mice when you
53:13	when you put these factors in right so what I'm I'm showing you for
53:18	the first time is what it was like to make a discovery of a lifetime this was the discovery of
53:24	my lifetime these are conversations with my student Ryan who made this discovery
53:30	he put the yamanaka factors not all four of them he found that three were safe and
53:37	effective the you know the one at the end of M Mick he left that off because that causes cancer that's known to be a
53:43	problem but osk put into the back of the eye regenerated the the optic nerve in these
53:51	mice and so what you're seeing are pictures for the first time that he was sending me of regenerating optic nerves
53:58	in mice so we had damaged the back of the eye and here we have
54:03	hit the regrowth of something that should has no business regrowing in an adult Mouse
54:09	but it's it was you know one of those things where you know we're kind of celebrating that
54:14	we've we've made a big Discovery and I mention it also because when you read
54:20	the book you'll get a sense of what it was like to experience such a discovery foreign
54:27	so this is it this is um a regular optic nerve that's
54:33	been damaged it's been pinched and the nerves have died off towards the brain
54:39	so the brain is out that way and the eye is over here and this mouse has lost a
54:44	lot of its nerves and it's never going to see again but in this mouse in the in the mouse
54:50	I'll show you down here we've reprogrammed its eye to the young again we've put those three yamanaka factors
54:56	in turn them on with just an antibiotic called doxycycline now it doesn't have to be an antibiotic
55:02	sometimes people say what's so good about the antibiotic we've just engineered the system so that the antibiotic is the switch so that we can
55:10	turn it on and off it's an easy way you just give the mice an injection of antibiotic or put it in their water
55:15	supply so if we ever have a drug like this it may be that we get treated with the the virus which is the delivery
55:22	vehicle and then we take an antibiotic to turn it on and off at will so we get reset multiple times anyway let me show
55:30	you this this was the result that most of the nerves here have survived
55:36	the problem and they started to grow towards the brain we don't know how they know where the brain is they're not
55:42	growing up that way they're growing towards the brain that's a mystery but then we did a really cool experiment
55:47	which was if it can make these damaged neurons survive
55:52	what about if we give it to just regular healthy but old mice what happens to
55:57	their vision and I don't know about you but you know I'm now in my 50s and I'm starting to become like old mice we lose
56:04	our ability to see so here's an experiment and I need to
56:10	give credit to um the lab of Bruce and Meredith Cassandra they are at a Mass Eye and Ear here in
56:17	Boston and what they do is they ignore ignore the feces this is irrelevant to the
56:23	experiment I think if if we were handled by giant things we'd be pretty upset to but
56:30	anyway what they're doing is so he's standing on the platform and this mouse is a year old so those
56:35	mice actually have become blind and you we know this because when these these
56:41	lines move they don't watch the lines it's called the optimotal response so if
56:46	I play this for you you'll see that it's not moving its head it's
56:52	really not not looking anywhere and we can videotape this for from you know half an hour it's not going to see
56:59	the lines but you know if we see moving lines we're going to move our head that's just
57:05	the natural response so we took uh mice of the same age we gave them a virus
57:12	that carried the three genes into the eye and the virus infected the nerves at the
57:17	back of the eye in the retina and they sat there until we gave them the antibiotic antibiotic doxycycline to
57:24	turn on those genes three weeks later after reprogramming their eyes and making them
57:30	young again and by the way we've measured the age of the eye they do get younger based on the clock
57:36	the question was does it work or does the clock change but that's just like a clock on the wall
57:42	you don't really go back in time if you move the hands or if you move the hands does time really go backwards
57:49	so this was a really good experiment and it was a really good day for for Bruce
57:57	so what Bruce called me about
58:02	and we get this started so it was 10 pm at night it was about a year ago and he
58:08	calls me and he says I'm sorry it's late but I have to tell you we just had a really amazing result
58:15	and this was the video that he sent me
58:23	for the first time in history we've got mice that have been cured of blindness
58:30	that's a mouse they can see and we've done this on dozens of mice this isn't just a fluke every mouse that gets our
58:36	treatment gets their Vision back and we can measure the the neuronal activity at the back of the eye
58:42	and we can see that those nerves before the treatment have no electrical activity but after reprogramming them we
58:49	get the blips back they work again and we can read the pattern of genes which
58:54	are switched on and off and genes that went off during aging come back on with treatment and genes that went on by
59:02	accident the scratches come back to normal so we're truly resetting the
59:07	epigenome so that cells can be young again and mice that shouldn't be seeing
59:12	you can see again and we've done this also in glaucoma most people have somebody they know friends or family
59:18	with glaucoma pressure in the eye damaging the retina we've tested mice with that disease and we can restore
59:25	their Vision as well so our first drug if all goes well will be a drug to treat and restore Vision in
59:32	glaucoma patients all right I'm now going to switch
59:39	to more of a practical thing because we're not likely to be treated with a virus anytime soon it might happen in
59:46	our lifetimes let's hope we're working on pills as well that can reset cells so it'll be easier than gene therapy but
59:53	I'm going to talk about some take-home messages for all all of you
59:58	because I'm asked this every day hundreds of emails what can I do now right don't show me mice show me what I
1:00:05	can do and these this is um a cheat sheet there's more of it in the book page 304
1:00:11	and I'm going to go into each of these uh in detail in a second but the summary is
1:00:17	our three meals a day that's that's craziness I really don't think we were
1:00:22	we've evolved E3 three full meals a day certainly not when we're over the age of say 30.
1:00:27	so I've started to I've always skipped breakfast I'm starting to skip lunch when I can and
1:00:33	I'm not too stressed so that that sounds pretty brutal right but if you drink coffee tea is fine you
1:00:40	can actually be hungry and it's it's not so bad uh lose your breath you wanna
1:00:47	yeah I do
1:00:54	I do I'll tell you why I'll come back to it yep yep um so lose your breath you want to get
1:01:01	on a treadmill or walk up some stairs um just move
1:01:06	get a standing desk our lifestyles today are just atrocious for
1:01:12	particularly this region right we're atrophying around here
1:01:18	I know what you're thinking no our muscles our muscles are atrophy most
1:01:24	human beings these days in Western in the Western World in the developed world we have we end up cramping up here our
1:01:30	muscles are pathetic it's it's amazing we can even stand upright after sitting for so long so there are exercises that
1:01:37	that I do that I'll highly recommend because every 19 minutes someone in
1:01:42	America will fall over and die from it and mostly the elderly of course but if
1:01:48	if you've got the strength in your hips and the flexibility uh you're more less likely to to die
1:01:54	from a fall um and so the the kind of exercise I I do are I focus on are hip hinge
1:02:02	exercises I'll talk about that in a second I think we need feedback because
1:02:07	everyone gives up on diets if they don't see it working or they don't know if it's working
1:02:12	same with supplements same with sleep so what I'm recommending and what I do with my life is that I I look for feedback
1:02:19	you can't change what you don't measure basically and so for over 12 years now I've been
1:02:26	measuring various aspects of my life it used to be crazy to measure yourself with blood tests and and other things
1:02:36	you know people would say David you're too worried about stuff but actually we now live in a world where it's very easy
1:02:41	to monitor things for a few hundred bucks you can get one of these anyone has an aura ring on them
1:02:49	they're great I do recommend these I don't own any of this company so I can tell you they're
1:02:55	great this will measure your heart rate your temperature your movement and be a
1:03:01	very good feedback about how you're sleeping so if you're wondering why do I feel
1:03:07	terrible in the morning this will tell you exactly what happened and for
1:03:13	instance you can look at your heart rate and on a bad night my heart rate will stay high and then drop down about 5 A.M
1:03:20	and that's if I drink more than a glass of alcohol and I have a heavy meal with a steak so I've
1:03:27	learned to try to avoid those things if I want to have a decent day the next day but if you don't measure it
1:03:34	you don't get the feedback the other thing that I do is I have a patch under here
1:03:40	okay it's becoming more and more common for non-diabetics to to measure their
1:03:46	blood sugar levels so blood sugar is a very good predictor of your longevity the higher the worse it is of course you
1:03:53	can become diabetic but even without being diabetic it's still bad so for the last couple of months I've
1:03:59	stuck a patch on here there's a tiny little needle it doesn't hurt you stick it on there and so on my phone I can
1:04:05	scan it but I can tell you what my blood sugar is
1:04:10	I wasn't going to do this but let's try so it's called the Libra link
1:04:17	and uh let's try so it says ready to scan anyone have has seen one of these
1:04:23	before okay so I stick this here
1:04:29	and that's my blood sugar so I'm it's in the green zone I'm happy uh you can see that lunch caused can you
1:04:36	see the graph lunch caused a big spike uh the food that I ate earlier
1:04:42	good to go
1:04:48	it's as it's as good as a glucose monitor so it's it most diabetics are
1:04:54	moving away from a finger prick now to just putting one of these on
1:05:01	oh yeah
1:05:07	yeah it's been in Europe for many many years in the US about two years but I do it also because
1:05:14	I I want to be a role model I want to be on the Forefront of this stuff but I've learned a lot of things that I didn't
1:05:20	realize and I've also become much more aware of what I stick in my mouth
1:05:26	like most of us I would just shove stuff in my mouth and forget about it my this was a trash can
1:05:31	but if you see it on your phone you know then then you're thinking about what's going in
1:05:37	and that that alone is fantastic makes you much more cognizant about what you
1:05:43	eat and as I mentioned what you what you do for sleep so measure it yeah you keep
1:05:48	that in when you work out I never take it out it's stuck there in showers in saunas in
1:05:54	swimming yeah it doesn't come off unless you rip it off it's stuck there
1:06:00	that's great uh for two weeks well you can get one from every Pharmacy
1:06:06	it's just that you need a doctor to write your prescription so if you
1:06:13	this one isn't in the book because I've only been doing it for a little while but Libra link there are a couple of
1:06:20	brands Libra link yeah yeah I mean email me if you want
1:06:33	ah so I I honestly I don't have any expectations
1:06:38	um but I do know that people who who follow these type of
1:06:44	recommendations uh live an average of 14 years longer than those who don't
1:06:51	all right hormesis um did I get through all of those points
1:06:57	oh we got through sleep and this is big Beacon 10. um I think
1:07:03	being uh meditative is good my role in life is don't lie because it's just too
1:07:09	stressful you just got to live life being happy with who you are so I think that's the those are the
1:07:15	things hormesis is what doesn't kill you makes you stronger unfortunately we do have to push our
1:07:21	bodies or they become complacent and what we've learned through my lab's research and others is that these
1:07:27	longevity genes these sirtuins they're only activated hyperactivated when your
1:07:33	body thinks that it's going to die doesn't mean you have to go to the brink of death but you do need to get out of
1:07:39	the chair you do need to be hungry you do need to sometimes have fewer approach
1:07:44	amounts of protein because that's what switches on these defensive genes
1:07:50	and it's worse if you become obese and it's worse as you get older their activity goes down and down and down
1:07:56	until basically you're at the whim of entropy second law of thermodynamics
1:08:01	your toast but we can turn on our bodies natural defenses and the way to do that is is
1:08:09	basically give yourself a little bit of adversity that may feel uncomfortable sure being
1:08:15	out of breath is not great being cold and in a sauna not that comfortable but
1:08:21	what it does is it triggers these defensive responses if you go too much of course if you freeze or you burn or
1:08:28	you starve you're not going to live longer but a little bit goes a long way
1:08:33	and we know this from many studies even plants respond to hormesis you spray herbicide on a plant a little bit and it
1:08:40	will grow better because it turns on these defenses and we didn't know these defenses existed until just about 20 years ago
1:08:49	so I'll get to the antioxidants because that's an important point
1:08:58	[Music] s it decreases your metabolism
1:09:06	well calorie restriction which is the the old term for uh for intermittent
1:09:13	fasting is known to actually speed up metabolism it's act it actually what happens is
1:09:19	your body goes into this defensive State when it's really hungry particularly for prolonged periods of
1:09:25	hunger maybe not missing a snack but for a day or two what happens is the body starts to burn
1:09:32	energy so it'll deplete the fat and it'll rev up your mitochondria
1:09:38	so mitochondria the battery packs the power packs of the cell animals that are hungry have more of
1:09:44	those than less so actually you burn more
1:09:49	when you're hungry it's it's interesting we always thought you became tired mythology it's not true and what we
1:09:56	think is going on is that the body thinks that it's under threat and it gives you more energy to survive so
1:10:03	that's repair your body have more energy to go find food run away from a saber-toothed tiger that might be
1:10:09	attacking you right but unfortunately Modern Life all of the
1:10:14	the companies whose job is to to make us feel better have done a great job of
1:10:20	making us feel better we feel great at the expense of our longevity
1:10:26	commercially available no
1:10:33	there isn't unfortunately you've got a feel it yeah well this will tell you
1:10:38	that you're hungry but you don't need that to tell you that um
1:10:44	no unfortunately there isn't um that would be amazing that we should work on
1:10:50	there might be a patch that senses things in the blood that can see when things are perfect because it right to
1:10:56	get this right we don't know the perfect mix the things I told you are my my best
1:11:03	estimate based on the science and personal experience and epidemiological but the question is if
1:11:09	you exercise a lot do you then take the supplement or should you be hungry on the days you
1:11:16	don't exercise we don't know the combinations yet so we have to figure that out
1:11:21	yeah yeah it's complex we're just at the point of understanding what works but
1:11:27	not necessarily in combination all right so this is where things get
1:11:32	scientific and where I bring in the free radical stuff these are the three main defenses that
1:11:38	you can turn on in your body to live longer the sirtuins are the ones that we work on and they require a molecule called
1:11:46	NAD to work those enzymes there are seven I mentioned in the body
1:11:51	so you can turn them on a few ways you can raise your NAD Levels by exercising
1:11:56	being hungry or taking molecules that raise NAD the one that I'm taking
1:12:03	page 304 is called nmn not to be confused with M M's do not well you can
1:12:09	eat M M's you just won't live longer it might be 66 is a drug that we're
1:12:15	developing for diseases such as Frailty there are what are called the
1:12:21	accelerators these are the fuel these are the accelerators we call these sirtuin activating compounds whereas
1:12:28	virtual the red wine molecule is a cert-1 activator so that's why when we gave this molecule
1:12:34	to mice they were resistant to obesity because the the mice the bodies of the
1:12:39	mice thought that they were hungry thought that they were exercised but they weren't we just tricked them using
1:12:45	the red wine molecule but we've made some much better molecules we've actually made 14 000 versions since for his virtual one
1:12:53	of these has gone into humans and actually was in a small group of people effective in psoriasis which is in an
1:13:00	inflammatory skin condition so you know we've come a long way we know if we feed these molecules to mice
1:13:06	they live longer this one even um works on mice the synthetic one
1:13:12	so that's the sirtuins again exercise being hungry we'll turn these on NAD boosters we'll turn them on
1:13:19	ampk that's the middle leg to the stool this is the one that metformin will
1:13:24	activate metformin is a drug for type 2 diabetes it's probably used by oh at
1:13:30	least 50 million people around the world probably more It's relatively safe as drugs go
1:13:35	the worst complaint typically is an upset stomach which you can usually mitigate with food
1:13:40	or a coated pill and it turns on this pathway which is combining with the sorts these are talking to each other
1:13:47	this evolved to sense the levels of energy in the body and when you didn't have enough energy in the body let's say
1:13:53	you were really hungry it would turn on so these are protective Pathways the
1:14:00	last one the third major one is called mtor which was discovered by David sabatini at MIT and it senses how much
1:14:08	protein you're taking in and when you have low amounts of protein it will defend your body because it thinks that
1:14:13	you're running out of food so these are all hormesis sensors bad stuff's happening
1:14:19	these genes get turned on and they protect you from disease and aging
1:14:25	so what do you want to do you want to not overload yourself with a ton of proteins so carnivores I'm sorry it
1:14:33	doesn't it's not backed up by the data because you're not going to invoke this guy here mtor
1:14:39	doesn't mean you you have to avoid meat completely but it does mean that I think constantly eating meat isn't the right
1:14:46	thing to do besides what I like about eating vegetables you can eat a lot more of
1:14:52	them so you're not hungry this one you can activate by actually
1:14:57	not eating as much food regularly eat less often you've got less glucose
1:15:02	as you can tell I'm monitoring that and then this one exercise also being
1:15:08	hungry and you can boost your NAD with a pill now do we know this is all going to make
1:15:14	us live 30 years longer no that's why I showed you the slide that you know we
1:15:19	don't know if this is true or not but it's it's been basically done in in
1:15:24	hundreds of labs there's thousands of scientific papers and it's all we've got right now you
1:15:30	know those of us who are born in the 20th century wasn't our fault you know probably you'd be better to be
1:15:36	born now if you wanted the best of medicine but we have to go with what we've got and this is the best we've got
1:15:41	right now based on all the science that we've got
1:15:53	non-diabetics I take it and I'm not diabetic I'm not
1:16:00	waiting around till I get diabetic my father is taking metformin he's
1:16:05	borderline diabetic yeah you do so but type 2 diabetics
1:16:13	right so the the data as as you'll read in the book is really compelling
1:16:19	type 2 diabetics that go on Metformin people have monitored their other rates
1:16:24	of diseases what happens to the rate of heart or frequency of heart disease
1:16:29	Alzheimer's Frailty and cancer and some cancers are reduced by 40
1:16:36	percent by this one medicine and those type 2 diabetics are more
1:16:42	are healthier than people that don't even have diabetes and that's in 100
1:16:48	over 100 000 patients so it I take 500 in the morning
1:16:55	and 500 at night if I yeah so typical diabetic would take two grams
1:17:01	is that what you recommend for your patients um so I take half that
1:17:07	and my father takes double that
1:17:18	yeah right so there were the blue there were the blue zones where people are known to
1:17:25	typically live a long time and one of those places is Okinawa the island of Okinawa in Japan
1:17:32	and they do all the right things they're mostly plant-based they have a little bit of protein you need protein so they
1:17:38	have a bit of fish but mostly it's plants they're very active so they're exercising a lot raising their NAD
1:17:46	and they only eat till they're 70 full and they stop that's their habit and
1:17:52	they're not exposed to Western hamburger type food but the okinawans
1:17:57	who moved to Hawaii they don't live long it's definitely what they're doing as a lifestyle so
1:18:04	yeah you you it this all makes sense that we've got this convergence of people who study lifestyle and have said
1:18:11	these things make you live longer and those of us who have studied yeast cells and worms and flies and mice and we've
1:18:17	come to the same conclusion that there are genes that protect us so
1:18:23	what about food I'll go quickly because I'm sure you've got questions uh
1:18:29	I think eating three meals a day is not the right thing I mentioned that earlier but if you are hungry in the morning
1:18:36	by all means have breakfast but try to find a meal that you can go without
1:18:41	for me it's breakfast and I actually know that now because I've measured my glucose levels
1:18:47	and my body starts to produce a lot of sugar just as I wake up not everybody but some people I sent my data when it
1:18:54	first happened I said what's happening I'm glucose overloaded in my body and I'm not eating anything so I sent him a
1:19:01	picture of that graph and he said either you're liver is making glucose you're
1:19:06	one of the people that does that or you've just had sex
1:19:12	so I said does it count if you dream about it uh anyway so it's obvious that uh that
1:19:18	my body's making glucose so I don't need to eat breakfast I've never felt hungry at breakfast so for me to have breakfast on top of my body making sugar makes no
1:19:25	sense at all I often miss lunch because I'm so busy today I had a vegetable soup
1:19:31	just because I was stressed out but that's my lifestyle I eat normal dinner
1:19:37	if anything I eat too much at dinner but I haven't I really like that
1:19:42	I do drink red wine one glass of wine a day is not going to hurt anybody except
1:19:47	for the calories but still worth it in my view how much red wine would you need to drink to be like these mice that
1:19:53	lived longer the bad news is that you'd need to drink about 300 400 glasses a day
1:20:00	so don't do that um yeah well some people think that's
1:20:06	really good news but um the the take-home message is that I
1:20:12	think that taking or drinking a glass of red wine for 30 years
1:20:18	can have cumulative effects and it's not just Resveratrol it's in red wine there are other molecules that are beneficial
1:20:24	as well so probably the combination is helpful and very long-lived people often
1:20:29	admit to drinking red wine more than more than the rest
1:20:35	why I'm not sure why they choose to well the
1:20:43	oh but why is red one better oh that's that's easy to answer yeah because the
1:20:49	Skins like the Skins have the Resveratrol and uh pulls it out with the
1:20:54	alcohol actually most of it is in the in the actual stem but we throw that away
1:21:01	in terms of supplements I have a newsletter if you want to subscribe I write about this stuff you
1:21:09	can sign up on my on the website it's called lifespanbook.com
1:21:14	but um often people say well where do I get Resveratrol if it's not red wine and
1:21:19	I have to be careful because I'm a professor at Harvard Medical School
1:21:25	I'm not a supplement maker I'm not a supplement seller and I don't recommend supplements but I think it's unfair for
1:21:32	me to say this is what the sign says you're on your own that's not fair either so what I can say is that there
1:21:37	are companies that make Resveratrol uh most of them are fine they're look
1:21:43	for the really pure ones if you're going to try it you can get 98 Pure or 100 pure
1:21:50	Resveratrol and that that should be fine I would just recommend don't keep it out
1:21:55	in the light um I store mine in the fridge I store all my supplements in the fridge
1:22:02	particularly those NAD boosters the anime that I mentioned it's a little known fact but it's
1:22:08	actually quite unstable if you keep it on the shelf for long for over a few months uh but yeah so that I I can't mention
1:22:15	companies um unless you grab me on the side whatever but there are a lot of legitimate
1:22:23	companies that are making pure Resveratrol it doesn't come from red wine they purify it from Japanese
1:22:28	knotweed which is everywhere it's on the on the
1:22:34	roads here on the side of the road here in in Boston all right so that's food we can get into
1:22:39	more things about food later what about the antioxidant yes I'll I'll tell you about that
1:22:47	um nope I'll tell you in a minute I've got a few more things what to do um move walk everybody says this but
1:22:54	it's really really true but it's also more important to to lose your breath becoming hypoxic we'll turn on this
1:23:01	returns yes very expensive
1:23:10	what's wrong with it well so what we think is that
1:23:16	when your body has low blood sugar it will turn on those Pathways now if
1:23:22	you're eating a snack which probably has sugar in it or carbohydrate
1:23:27	you'll you'll basically stop your body from turning on the defenses
1:23:34	yeah so think of your body as something that only protects itself when it needs to and
1:23:40	when it doesn't need to it puts on fat instead for a rainy day which Never Comes so what we want to do is to do the
1:23:48	opposite which is be hungry and in in those periods of hunger your body will actually be
1:23:54	repairing itself yeah unfortunately the recommendation from nutritionists which I disagree with
1:24:01	is that you should never feel hungry lots of little snacks throughout the day which is based on the idea that you
1:24:08	don't want to hurt your pancreas but actually being hungry if you're not
1:24:13	sick is very helpful yeah now I I skipped a meal or two a day
1:24:20	there are some people who go for three days and some people who go for a week without eating and I would do that if I
1:24:26	could it's pretty painful though has anyone tried intermittent fasting have you yeah
1:24:33	is it okay can you do it yeah not a week now
1:24:41	yeah yeah it's hard I mean we want to be full we don't want to be hungry
1:24:47	um it does so there's a Doctor Peter attia
1:24:55	have you heard of him he's an expert in New York he does a week and I don't know how we can do that
1:25:02	probably because three million people are watching him
1:25:07	he does a week fast every quarter
1:25:17	yeah he does intermittent fasting but he's he's using his body as an experiment so
1:25:24	he's mixing it up sometimes he'll just go Keto sometimes he'll do protein and he's
1:25:31	monitoring with uh fingerprints what's happening to him so of course he has one of these but he's
1:25:36	also got you know you can measure ketos in your blood yeah yeah
1:25:42	so he's done all that um and he's he's trying to come up with the right algorithm of what the right
1:25:48	combination is because it if we waited for clinical trials
1:25:54	we'll all be dead it's it's expensive and slow so there are these people on the frontier I'm kind of on the frontier
1:26:00	but he's he's one of the major ones who's really pushing it so that that's food if you want we can
1:26:08	come back this is the the hip exercises that I like to do
1:26:14	it's uh you don't want to just bend your back you've got to keep it straight like a rod and you stick your butt out
1:26:20	and then you lift dumbbells like that it's it's pretty annoying but it it's very
1:26:26	good what happened to me writing this book was that I end up with a permanent cramp
1:26:31	in my butt the piriformis muscle which is that one there uh was seized up
1:26:39	and I couldn't walk it was permanently painful and these exercises were the only thing that fixed me and that's
1:26:45	apparently very common with our modern lifestyles and I think it's going to be great when I get older
1:26:52	that I'll have full movement and back exercises too so you don't end up with
1:26:58	uh kyphosis like my mother who was walking around like that what else can you do well this is one of
1:27:04	the enjoyable things actually I really do like the sauna and when I was writing the book my editor said what about cold
1:27:10	therapy what about heat therapy and I said that's not true that doesn't work how can that possibly work
1:27:16	but I researched it and it turns out there's good evidence that saunas are
1:27:21	good for you and increasing evidence that cold plunges are also good for you and a lot of the evidence is written
1:27:29	into the book so in the back you'll find there's a lot of endnotes references that you can look up
1:27:34	a lot of people read the book two or three times because it's got a lot of information but I do this every weekend
1:27:39	with my son as we were talking about before and it's bonding with my 12 year old son it's
1:27:46	good for the both of us and especially in winter it's nothing better than going through this and feeling refreshed like
1:27:52	you've just been out at the beach so I spend about 15 minutes in the sauna it's been found that people who do that
1:28:00	have lower rates of cardiovascular disease for example um though I do point out that
1:28:07	one caveat with those studies that I cite is that if you're in hospital or you're in the nursing home you're
1:28:13	probably not going to go to the gym or to the sauna but that's caveat I think it's probably
1:28:18	working to turn on those longevity genes now cold plungers this is all the rage
1:28:24	now right you can go cryotherapy Iceman Hof is a superstar on the internet
1:28:30	um some of the research that we've done has actually shown that cold therapy is good it turns on some of the sirtuins
1:28:37	the sirtuin genes number three produces an enzyme that protects the mitochondria
1:28:44	free radical damage so when you're revving up metabolism by being cold you're actually helping the cell rid
1:28:52	itself of free radicals but you're also building up what's called Brown fat and if you haven't heard of brown fat
1:28:58	it's because it's a relatively new discovery so babies have a lot of brown fat and beige fat
1:29:05	but we thought that adults didn't have ground fat but it turns out
1:29:10	we do and the colder we are and the more cold we are when we walk outside the more Brown fat we'll have because it's
1:29:17	our thermogenic or heat producing fat and it's very healthy to have it
1:29:24	um so I I spend more time in the cold these days than I want to and Boston's a pretty good place to be
1:29:29	cold the other thing that I learned in terms of a biohack is don't always bundle up and the best
1:29:36	place to lose weight and to to get to burn energy is while you sleep
1:29:42	super easy just don't have such thick covers on your bed have a sheet I mean
1:29:48	don't shiver you've got to get a good night's sleep but being a little cold has actually really been helpful to me
1:29:53	and I think I'm burning off you know a few hundred calories maybe at least 100 calories just by having to be a little
1:30:00	cool at night so that's an easy easy life hack uh this one's a little harder
1:30:06	we jump my son and I we jump from the sauna into a four degree Celsius Celsius
1:30:11	water bath which feels extremely painful it's does anyone do ice plunges cold Plunge
1:30:20	tell you what if it doesn't make me live longer it sure sure does make me feel grateful to be alive
1:30:28	my son actually Benjamin he's he's going for the for the world record at least
1:30:33	he's on record I can spend a minute before my my body aches and he's in
1:30:38	there for 15 minutes says what's the problem dad I don't know he was born in New England
1:30:43	that's why all right metformin we covered so I won't go into too much detail you do
1:30:49	need a prescription unless you go to Bangkok or somewhere where you can just buy it in a pharmacy it comes from a a
1:30:56	plant that you find throughout Europe it's just a weed it's a version of a weed molecule called quantity
1:31:02	guanoid and Metformin Works does multiple things
1:31:08	remember I said it it's important to have mtor modulated it does that
1:31:13	it controls your glucose it lowers it that's why you're prescribing it but it also has anti-inflammatory action it
1:31:20	inhibits DNA damage prevents free radicals um it stops cancer so it's a remarkable
1:31:26	molecule now it wasn't developed to be an anti-aging drug oops I should say longevity molecule but
1:31:34	it sure looks like it is one so that's your best bet I think besides all the other things in life that you can do
1:31:40	now you might say well gosh how am I going to get it I don't have diabetes yet I'm gonna have to
1:31:45	I'm gonna have to talk to my doctor about that so more and more doctors are learning about this the sales of or
1:31:52	prescriptions from metformin have gone up uh 20 in the last few years
1:31:57	and uh brilliant I didn't even have a doctor that gives me metformin
1:32:04	uh though I uh anyway it's it's a it I I'm not
1:32:11	recommending it but I'm telling you that the future is here now and there are options
1:32:17	all right this is the one I've been wanting to get to because it gets back to antioxidants everybody that I talked
1:32:24	to thinks that red Wine's good for you and blueberries are good for you because of antioxidants that's why we've been
1:32:31	taught it's a huge marketing campaign and it makes sense the only problem is it's not true
1:32:37	the major benefits of Resveratrol are not its antioxidant properties it's
1:32:42	actually not a very good antioxidant in the first place a lot better ones what it is
1:32:49	this chemical here Resveratrol it's actually sensed by our body I
1:32:54	believe our bodies have evolved to sense the Plant World and what we eat is turning on our
1:33:01	defenses so why would the body respond to plant molecules besides food
1:33:08	well if you're running out of food let's say your crops are dehydrated or the
1:33:14	berries that you're picking are have a terrible infestation of
1:33:19	caterpillars now we can see that but for most of the
1:33:25	evolution of of animals they didn't have much of a brain they couldn't tell that time was going to get tough so they
1:33:31	needed a way to sense when food was going to be scarce and the best way was to sense the chemicals of plants
1:33:39	when they're stressed so what is Resveratrol it's actually a
1:33:45	plant stress survival molecule when plants are dehydrated or hit with ultraviolet light too much sun infected
1:33:52	by Fungus they make a ton of Resveratrol because they're trying to turn on their
1:33:57	sotoan survival defenses plants have sorts right and I think we've evolved to sense that
1:34:04	and we've just lucked out that we produce a product that concentrates it and preserves it keeps it away from
1:34:11	light keeps it cool and keeps out the oxygen pretty good luck it tastes good too but it's also healthy and most of
1:34:18	the longest lived people in the world uh drink this stuff so it's probably good
1:34:24	but we can do better we can make molecules that are a thousand times more effective than Resveratrol
1:34:30	this is not an antioxidant but it does the same thing as Resveratrol because it activates the sort one enzyme to defend
1:34:38	the body what does sort one do remember I said that it's moving around trying to repair DNA and protect the genome
1:34:44	and and stop the scratches I think that by drinking these these
1:34:50	molecules and giving those enzymes more activity we're actually keeping the cell
1:34:55	from becoming scratched and We Know It Works in a very accurate way these molecules
1:35:01	bind to the blue region of the enzyme so an enzyme it's just a protein that's doing reactions in the cell this this
1:35:09	enzyme will go and tell this Gene to be off and while leaving the other one on right remember it's a silent information
1:35:15	regulator what it does is remember the the original slide where I
1:35:20	showed the DNA and then there was that green blob that green blob is a histone and
1:35:29	that's what wraps up the DNA and if you're observant you would have seen that that green thing had little
1:35:34	tails swimming off it those are called histone tails and what this enzyme does
1:35:40	is that it controls the chemicals that attach to those Tails telling a gene to
1:35:46	be silent or a gene to be switched on and when you don't have enough of this
1:35:51	enzyme around you're old you're not drinking or eating the right things your genes will come on when they shouldn't
1:35:57	and that's aging and so it works by binding here these molecules bind here and the enzyme does
1:36:04	this and when it's in this act in this position it's much more active and it does its job quicker
1:36:11	all right we're almost done this is the nmn the NAD booster these are the
1:36:18	crystals of it that we're turning into a drug and this uh this molecule when you feed
1:36:24	it to mice that are old they can run in some cases twice as far at least 50
1:36:30	further we had some ice that outran the young mice and one actually
1:36:36	ran over three kilometers and the treadmill stopped we have little treadmills in the lab and the treadmill
1:36:43	stopped and and my the postdoc in the lab called me up and said we've got a problem the training wheel's broken the
1:36:49	experiment screwed up and uh turns out it was just that the software was never written for a mouse to run that far so
1:36:56	we had to rewrite software so that's we're hoping that in clinical trials
1:37:01	we'll see that we can treat a variety of diseases I mentioned Frailty but it could be a whole bunch of
1:37:08	things related to aging that we end up treating it's in clinical trials we we've tested it for two years and people
1:37:14	seems to be very safe I apologize for black mice on a black
1:37:19	treadmill there's the mouse there's the mouse do you see it can you see a tail
1:37:24	so that's the one on Animan and that's the one that didn't get any we just put in their drinking water they drink it for a few weeks and four weeks and they
1:37:32	become fit so why are they running further you might ask well they have more energy
1:37:37	but they also have more blood flow it's as though they've been exercising because that's what happens when you
1:37:43	exercise better blood flow more energy and then finally I just want to just
1:37:50	have a glimpse into what the future might look like I told you we can we have a gene therapy
1:37:56	that can reverse aging in a mouse's eye but what if it works in people what if
1:38:01	it works in the whole body to reset the age of somebody I just chose Bill Murray
1:38:06	um because I like gomari but you know he's he's aged right like everybody but
1:38:12	imagine if if when we're young we get this injection of the gene therapy so now we're genetically modified but the
1:38:19	genes are not turned on yet they're just like in our mice they're switched off they're not doing any harm
1:38:25	and then you get to this age I don't know how old is Bill Murray now would he be 60 or something maybe even more
1:38:31	anyway you get you get to a certain age and your doctor says I've just measured your biological age
1:38:36	you're actually 85 you're not doing so well Mr Sinclair
1:38:41	but I've got something for you fortunately you've got these three yamanaka factors in your body I'll give you a course of Doxycycline to turn on
1:38:49	the genes so you get sent home with basically an antibiotic for Lyme disease not not a
1:38:55	problem take it for three weeks and imagine you know you start to see better you don't have to see them hold the menu
1:39:02	so far away you can think better you're fit and you even look younger that's the
1:39:07	kind of future that this technology says could be possible and then I just want to give you an
1:39:14	example this is uh exhibit a in my family we are
1:39:19	a group of at least on my Hungarian side a group of Ashkenazi Jews that uh change their
1:39:27	religion in World War II but we couldn't change our genetics we have terrible genes
1:39:32	uh you probably know ashkenazis are not the healthiest people on the planet and I'm carrying a bunch of mutations so
1:39:38	I'm not predicted to live a long time in fact most men in our family diet in their 70s my grandmother had a stroke in
1:39:45	her 30s super high cholesterol right I'm on I'm on huge amounts of of Lipitor just to
1:39:53	keep my cholesterol down so we are not a healthy bunch so my grandmother she became
1:39:58	she was she remember she was a young at heart vivacious woman Rebel
1:40:04	I watched her get old at age 70 she didn't want to go out of the house and she spent 20 years basically in a state
1:40:11	of vegetative kind of state that is something that a lot of people
1:40:17	uh expect in their lives it's pretty normal for us to spend 10 years
1:40:22	not wanting to live anymore her son my father
1:40:28	was born 1939 yeah people always get confused about
1:40:34	those dates that how can they be so close but I've told you I think she was pregnant at 14 but in any case
1:40:40	my dad um he wasn't expecting to live beyond 70
1:40:45	in a healthy way just like his mum he retired at 67
1:40:52	he thought that he would um uh probably end up in a wheelchair like
1:40:58	his Grand his mom and he wasn't very happy he was quite a depressed guy he's like uh Winnie the
1:41:05	Pooh in uh no so he's like Eeyore in Winnie the Pooh so he's not a very um optimistic guy
1:41:14	if if he was here he'd probably say uh you know the temperature's not very good and and why are we wasting our time
1:41:21	we're all gonna die anyway that kind of attitude in life and I was there like no no this is great we can do this so
1:41:28	anyway he's a scientist he was a bike he's a biochemist and he saw the research and he saw that I was still
1:41:34	alive after taking a few of these things and he decided to take it as well so
1:41:40	he's been now on the same regimen as me um not just those three things but a few
1:41:47	other things as well including a lot of exercise don't get me wrong there's other things going on
1:41:53	but I'll tell you what he's um he's now 80. uh he started us a new career he's
1:41:58	gone back to work he just ordered his dream car uh he just got it last week at Tesla Model 3. and
1:42:06	he's optimistic I can't believe it I mean he's looking forward to another 10 20 years of life so I'm not saying that
1:42:12	this is proof of anything but I am holding him up as a role model a Beacon of Hope
1:42:18	for us and I'll show you some photos from the last 12 months of his life
1:42:23	right this is not a typical 80 year old he's doing everything he always wanted we just got back here he is he led the
1:42:30	way up the rainforest in Uganda he took his five grandkids up to see the gorillas
1:42:36	and it almost brings a tear to my eye to think about how special that day was that he got to do that with his
1:42:43	grandkids and my my kids got to do that with their grandfather that's what this is all about this isn't about us living
1:42:49	forever it's about spending quality time with your family instead of being in a nursing home
1:42:56	um so we're very proud of of him we hope he continues we hope it goes well and then uh I just want to finish by
1:43:03	saying uh thank you for getting a copy of the book I hope you like it it was a lot of work I have a co-author
1:43:10	we were we spent over a year brainstorming how to put this all together there's philosophy there's art there's
1:43:17	history there's science all in there so he gets a lot of credit uh and uh
1:43:24	I drew some cast of characters so they're in the back too I actually was trying to use photos of
1:43:31	people and the publisher said uh David you've only got four weeks before this
1:43:36	has to be done and none of those photos are allowable because they're they're
1:43:41	copyright protected and I said well what if I what if I talk to people online and get their
1:43:48	permission no because you have to track down who took the photo I mean I don't know who took the photo
1:43:54	right so I had to draw a Lisa most people don't know but that's one of those inside secrets that I had to draw
1:44:00	all these and I only had a month to draw them so it was one every day for a month
1:44:05	and there are a lot of really cool people this is the guy that trained me at MIT this is the woman who figured out
1:44:12	that you could double A worms lifespan by changing one gene that's probably a Nobel Prize worthy Discovery my friend
1:44:18	Rafa de Cabo we spent Thanksgiving with he's the world's expert in calorie restriction
1:44:24	nearby is the world's expert in metformin for aging he's down in New
1:44:29	York and shinamai discovered that NAD is important and in a man are important
1:44:34	for this return so these are all really cool people some people are really ancient so let's see we've got some
1:44:41	historical figures up here this is this is Mr yamanaka yamanaka
1:44:47	factors uh Eileen crimin studies human epidemile demiology anyway this is uh so
1:44:54	there are illustrations in the book did you have a chance to flick through there are actual illustrations drawn by Katie
1:44:59	Delphia she's a brilliant artist examples of her drawings
1:45:04	my childhood in Australia my grandmother me at MIT
1:45:09	Benjamin gompertz who showed the rate of uh population decay
1:45:17	why we age how it evolved the CD analogy with the cell I didn't get into this but
1:45:24	you can imagine the epigenome as a landscape of balls Landing in valleys
1:45:29	and aging is that the balls move into the wrong valleys and then met Foreman
1:45:34	Resveratrol NAD rapamycin does anyone know where rapamycin comes from
1:45:40	ah can you see those heads up there you know where they're from
1:45:46	what's the name of Easter Island the other name
1:45:52	rapanui rapamycin so it comes from Easter Island there was bacteria that
1:45:57	were found on Easter Island so I'm done thank you so much excellent
1:46:06	[Applause]